The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory's ERDDAP data server for public access to scientific data
NOAA OAR PMEL
|
Easy Access to PMEL Scientific Data
The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory's ERDDAP data server for public access to scientific data |
NOAA OAR PMEL |
| Dataset Title: | PMEL Atmospheric Chemistry ICEALOT Aerosol Main Data, 1 min data
|
| Institution: | NOAA (Dataset ID: ACG_ICEALOT_Knorr_main) |
| Range: | longitude = -73.69604 to 31.52986°E, latitude = 40.89723 to 80.21772°N, altitude = 18.0 to 18.0m, time = 2008-03-19T12:00:00Z to 2008-04-24T05:59:00Z |
| Information: | Summary
| License
| FGDC
| ISO 19115
| Metadata
| Background
| Subset
| Data Access Form
| Files
|
|
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![[The graph you specified. Please be patient.]](https://data.pmel.noaa.gov/pmel/erddap/tabledap/ACG_ICEALOT_Knorr_main.png?longitude,latitude,duration&time%3E=2008-04-18T00%3A00%3A00Z&time%3C=2008-04-25T00%3A00%3A00Z&.draw=markers&.marker=5%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff)
|
Attributes {
s {
time {
String _CoordinateAxisType "Time";
Float64 actual_range 1.205928e+9, 1.20901674e+9;
String axis "T";
String comment "Start of sampling period";
String coords "time";
String ioos_category "Time";
String long_name "Datetime UTC";
String source_name "datetime_utc";
String standard_name "time";
String time_origin "01-JAN-1970 00:00:00";
String time_precision "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z";
String units "seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z";
}
trajectory_id {
String cf_role "trajectory_id";
String coords "time";
String ioos_category "Identifier";
String long_name "Trajectory ID";
}
duration {
Int32 _FillValue 2147483647;
Int32 actual_range 60, 60;
String coords "time";
String ioos_category "Time";
String long_name "Duration";
String units "second";
}
latitude {
String _CoordinateAxisType "Lat";
Float64 actual_range 40.89723, 80.21772;
String axis "Y";
Float64 colorBarMaximum 90.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -90.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "GPS";
String ioos_category "Location";
String long_name "Latitude";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "latitude";
String units "degrees_north";
Float64 valid_max 90.0;
Float64 valid_min -90.0;
}
longitude {
String _CoordinateAxisType "Lon";
Float64 actual_range -73.69604, 31.52986;
String axis "X";
Float64 colorBarMaximum 180.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -180.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "GPS";
String ioos_category "Location";
String long_name "Longitude";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "longitude";
String units "degrees_east";
Float64 valid_max 180.0;
Float64 valid_min -180.0;
}
altitude {
String _CoordinateAxisType "Height";
String _CoordinateZisPositive "up";
Float64 actual_range 18.0, 18.0;
String axis "Z";
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String ioos_category "Location";
String long_name "height above mean sea level";
String positive "up";
String standard_name "altitude";
String units "m";
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
ship_speed {
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 14.03;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 25.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "GPS";
String ioos_category "Unknown";
String long_name "Ship Speed over Ground";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "platform_speed_wrt_ground";
String units "knots";
Float64 valid_max 20.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
ship_course {
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 360.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 400.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "GPS";
String ioos_category "Unknown";
String long_name "Ship Course over Ground";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "platform_course";
String units "degree";
Float64 valid_max 360.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
ship_heading {
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 360.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 400.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "GPS Compass and Ship Gyrocompass";
String ioos_category "Unknown";
String long_name "Ship Heading";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "platform_orientation";
String units "degree";
Float64 valid_max 360.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
air_temp {
Float64 actual_range -17.5, 11.49;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 40.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -10.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Ship and PMEL sensor";
String ioos_category "Temperature";
String long_name "Air Temperature";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "air_temperature";
String units "degree_C";
Float64 valid_max 50.0;
Float64 valid_min -20.0;
}
rh {
Float64 actual_range 21.13, 97.6;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 100.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Ship and PMEL Sensors";
String ioos_category "Meteorology";
String long_name "Relative Humidity";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "relative_humidity";
String units "percent";
Float64 valid_max 110.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
baro_pressure {
Float64 actual_range 981.87, 1029.22;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1050.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 950.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "SHIP and PMEL sensors";
String ioos_category "Pressure";
String long_name "Barometric Pressure";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "air_pressure";
String units "hPa";
Float64 valid_max 1050.0;
Float64 valid_min 950.0;
}
insolation {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 7.52, 1007.8;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 10.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -10.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Epply radiometer 8-48";
String ioos_category "Heat Flux";
String long_name "Shortwave Flux";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "diffuse_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air";
String units "W m-2";
Float64 valid_max 1500.0;
Float64 valid_min -10.0;
}
rain_rate {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 1858.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1.0e-4;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PEML Vaisala WX520 Precipitation Sensor";
String ioos_category "Meteorology";
String long_name "Rain Rate";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "rainfall_rate";
String units "MM' 'Hour-1";
Float64 valid_max 200.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
wind_speed {
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 20.41;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 15.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Ship SSSSG IMET wind";
String ioos_category "Wind";
String long_name "Wind Speed";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "wind_speed";
String units "m s-1";
Float64 valid_max 50.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
wind_direction {
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 360.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 360.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Ship SSSSG IMET wind";
String ioos_category "Wind";
String long_name "Wind Direction";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "wind_from_direction";
String units "degree";
Float64 valid_max 360.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
wind_u {
Float64 actual_range -19.82, 16.18;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 15.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -15.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Wind to East: Ship SSSSG IMET wind";
String ioos_category "Wind";
String long_name "east component of the wind";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "eastward_wind";
String units "m s-1";
Float64 valid_max 50.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
wind_v {
Float64 actual_range -19.86, 16.1;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 15.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -15.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Wind to North: Ship SSSG IMET wind";
String ioos_category "Wind";
String long_name "north component of the wind";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "northward_wind";
String units "m s-1";
Float64 valid_max 50.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
relative_wind_speed {
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 23.73;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 15.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PMEL WX520 anamometer and ship WX520 anamometer";
String ioos_category "Wind";
String long_name "Wind Speed Relative to Ship";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "wind_speed";
String units "m s-1";
Float64 valid_max 50.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
relative_wind_direction {
Float64 actual_range -180.0, 180.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 360.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PMEL WX520 anamometer and ship WX520 anamometer";
String ioos_category "Wind";
String long_name "Wind Direction Relative to Ship";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "wind_from_direction";
String units "degree";
Float64 valid_max 180.0;
Float64 valid_min -180.0;
}
cn {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 10.77, 18563.68;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 100.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI 3010";
String ioos_category "Statistics";
String long_name "Particle number concentration";
String source "surface observation";
String units "cm-3";
Float64 valid_max 500000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
ufcn {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.02, 37596.03;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 100.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI 3785 and TSI 3025A";
String ioos_category "Statistics";
String long_name "Ultrafine particle number concentration";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "number_concentration_of_aerosol_particles_at_stp_in_air";
String units "cm-3";
Float64 valid_max 1200000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
sea_surface_temperature {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.5543, 13.8919;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 32.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Ship Thermosalinograph";
String ioos_category "Temperature";
String long_name "Sea Surface Temperature";
String source "surface ocean observation";
String standard_name "sea_surface_temperature";
String units "degree_C";
Float64 valid_max 45.0;
Float64 valid_min -10.0;
}
salinity {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 3.6344, 35.9095;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 37.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 32.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "Ship Thermosalinograph";
String ioos_category "Salinity";
String long_name "Sea Surface Salinity";
String source "surface ocean observation";
String standard_name "sea_water_practical_salinity";
String units "PSU";
Float64 valid_max 45.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
ozone {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 55.3;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TECO 49C";
String ioos_category "Contaminants";
String long_name "Ozone Mixing Ratio";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "mole_fraction_of_ozone_in_air";
String units "ppb";
Float64 valid_max 200.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
so2 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 286.92;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TECO 43C";
String ioos_category "Unknown";
String long_name "SO2 mixing ratio";
String source "surface observation";
String units "ppb";
}
scatter_450_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -1.79, 113.9;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -500.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light scattering coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 450 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_scattering_coefficient_of_radiative_flux_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 10000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
scatter_550_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -1.58, 93.22;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -500.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light scattering coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 550 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_scattering_coefficient_of_radiative_flux_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 1000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
scatter_700_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.94, 68.91;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -500.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light scattering coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 700 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_scattering_coefficient_of_radiative_flux_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 10000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
backscatter_450_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -1.75, 15.27;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light backscattering coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 450 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observations";
String units "MM-1";
}
backscatter_550_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -1.0, 8.16;
String coords "time";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light backscattering coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 550 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String units "MM-1";
}
backscatter_700_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.76, 5.6;
String coords "time";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light backscattering coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 700 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String units "MM-1";
}
scatter_450_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.25, 160.07;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -500.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light scattering coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 450 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_scattering_coefficient_of_radiative_flux_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 800.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
scatter_550_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.46, 157.14;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -500.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light scattering coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 550 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_scattering_coefficient_of_radiative_flux_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 250.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
scatter_700_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.49, 149.82;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -500.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light scattering coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 700 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_scattering_coefficient_of_radiative_flux_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 250.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
backscatter_450_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -7.03, 16.51;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light backscattering coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 450 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String units "MM-1";
}
backscatter_550_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -2.21, 16.43;
String coords "time";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light backscattering coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 550 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String units "MM-1";
}
backscatter_700_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -5.16, 18.22;
String coords "time";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light backscattering coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 700 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String units "MM-1";
}
scatter_rh_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 3.99, 91.16;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 100.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer with viasala sensor";
String ioos_category "Meteorology";
String long_name "Sample RH of aerosol light scattering coefficient for Dp < 10 um, %";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "relative_humidity";
String units "percent";
Float64 valid_max 100.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
scatter_angstrom_450_550_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -1.0, 3.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 25.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Scattering Angstrom Exponent for Dp < 1.1 um and the 450, 550 wavelength pair";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "angstrom_exponent_of_ambient_aerosol_in_air";
Float64 valid_max 20.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
scatter_angstrom_450_700_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -1.0, 3.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 25.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Scattering Angstrom Exponent for Dp < 1.1 um and the 450, 700 wavelength pair";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "angstrom_exponent_of_ambient_aerosol_in_air";
Float64 valid_max 20.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
scatter_angstrom_550_700_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -1.0, 3.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 25.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Scattering Angstrom Exponent for Dp < 1.1 um and the 550, 700 wavelength pair";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "angstrom_exponent_of_ambient_aerosol_in_air";
Float64 valid_max 20.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
absorb_467_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.75, 28.74;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PSAP";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light absorption coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 467 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_absorption_coefficient_in_air_due_to_dried_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 1000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
absorb_530_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.64, 25.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PSAP";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light absorption coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 530 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_absorption_coefficient_in_air_due_to_dried_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 1000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
absorb_660_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.56, 19.9;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PSAP";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light absorption coefficient for Dp < 1.1 um at 660 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_absorption_coefficient_in_air_due_to_dried_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 1000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
absorb_467_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.88, 34.48;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PSAP";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light absorption coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 467 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_absorption_coefficient_in_air_due_to_dried_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 1000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
absorb_530_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.79, 30.23;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PSAP";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light absorption coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 530 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_absorption_coefficient_in_air_due_to_dried_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 1000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
absorb_660_sub10 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.65, 24.38;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1500.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "PSAP";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Aerosol light absorption coefficient for Dp < 10 um at 660 nm, Mm-1";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "volume_absorption_coefficient_in_air_due_to_dried_aerosol_particles";
String units "MM-1";
Float64 valid_max 1000.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
ssa_467_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.14598, 0.9999;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 1.5;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer and Radiance Research PSAP";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Single Scattering Albedo for Dp < 1.1 um at 467 nm";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "single_scattering_albedo_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles";
Float64 valid_max 1.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
ssa_530_sub1 {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.19459, 1.0;
Float64 colorBarMaximum 6.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
String coords "time";
String instrument "TSI Model 3563 Nephelometer and Radiance Research PSAP";
String ioos_category "Optical Properties";
String long_name "Single Scattering Albedo for Dp < 1.1 um at 530 nm";
String source "surface observation";
String standard_name "single_scattering_albedo_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles";
Float64 valid_max 5.0;
Float64 valid_min 0.0;
}
ssa_660_sub1 {
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String source "surface observation";
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NC_GLOBAL {
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String cdm_trajectory_variables "trajectory_id";
String comment
"Navigation and Meteorological Measurements
Ship Position (Latitude and Longitude):
In the one minute files the position is treated somewhat differently from all the other data. The position given is the ship's position at the start of the one minute 'averaging' period. All other data are a true average. The PMEL GPS was the primary source. The Ship's GPS was used when there were missing data in the PMEL record.
Ship Speed, Course and Gyro:
The ship's GPS speed in knots (Speed Over Ground) and GPS Course in compass degrees (Course Over Ground) are the one minute averages from the GPS (the PMEL GPS as the primary source, the Ship's GPS was the secondary source). To make the one minute averages the 1-second recorded motion vector was separated into east and north components that were averaged into one minute bins. The one minute components were then combined into the ship Velocity Vector. The GyroCompass in compass degrees is the one minute average heading. The primary source was the PMEL GPS compass (Si-TEX Vector Pro), the ship gyro compass data were used when the primary data were missing. The 1-second data were separated into an east and north component before averaging and then recombined. NOTE: The GPS-Course is the direction the ship is moving. The GyroCompass is the direction the ship's bow is pointing. When the ship is moving at 6 or more knots they generally are the same. Due to water currents, at slow speeds there can be quite a difference between the two. When the ship is stationary, the two are totally unrelated.
Relative Wind:
The primary source for the relative wind data was the PMEL Vaisala WX520 sonic anemometer, located on the aerosol sampling mast. For periods of missing data, the PSD Sonic anemometer on the ship’s foremast was used. The one second relative wind speed and direction data were separated into orthogonal components of \"keel\" and \"beam\". These components were averaged into 1 minute averages, and then recombined to relative wind vectors. Wind speed is reported in meters per second and wind direction is in degrees with -90 being wind approaching the ship on the port beam, 0 degrees being wind approaching the ship directly on the bow, and +90 degrees being wind approaching the ship on the starboard beam.
Wind Components/ True Wind Speed/ True Wind Direction:
The primary source for the true wind data was the average of the PMEL Vaisala WX520 and WX536 sonic anemometers, both located on the aerosol sampling mast, 17 m above sea level. For periods of missing data the average of the ship’s two WXT sensors, located above the ship’s navigation bridge, were used. True wind speed and direction were calculated from the relative wind taking into account the ship's motion from the GPS and the ship heading from the GPS compass. The true wind vector is given as wind speed in m/s and wind direction in compass degrees (0 degrees meaning wind arriving from the north). The WindU and WindV are the east and north components of the wind vector in m/s. WindU and WindV are positive for wind going in the east and north directions.
Atmospheric Temperature
One minute averages in degrees C. There were three possible sources, the 2 PMEL rotronics sensors (T1 and T2) and the ship's SCS IMET sensor. The ship's IMET sensor was located on the IMET mast at the bow of the ship, the PMEL sensors were located at the top of the Aero-phys van. The IMET sensor being located at the bow had less warming from the daytime heating of the ship deck, (and the data record did show that IMET was cooler than T1 and T2 during the afternoon, when deck heating was a max). Therefore, the SCS IMET sensor was used as the primary source and for the few times that data were missing from SCS, the PMEL-T1 sensor was used.
Relative humidity:
There were two PMEL rotronics sensors (RH1, and RH2) and one Ship IMET sensor (on the IMET Bow mast). Due to the daytime deck heating (see air temperatue above) the PMEL sensors showed a \"dip\" in RH during the afternoon, while the Ship IMET sensor did not. Thus, the Ship IMET sensor was used as the primary sensor and the PMEL RH1 sensor was used as the secondary sensor
Barometric Pressure:
One minute averages in units of mb. There were two sources of raw data, the PMEL Vaisala sensor and the SCS digital sensor. They both agreed within 0.5 mb. There were less data gaps in the ship SCS sensor it was used as the primary sensor with a few periods filled in with the PMEL sensor.
Insolation:
One minute averages in units of watts per square meter. Total solar radiation was measured with an Epply black and white pyranometer (horizontal surface receiver -180, model 8-48, serial number 12946) and an Epply precision pyranometer (horizontal surface receiver -180, twin hemispheres, model PSP, serial number 133035F3) that were mounted on the top of Areophys van. Both instruments were calibrated by the Epply Laboratory on October 11, 1994. There were times when the sampling mast shaded one or both sensors. There were also times when the ship's mast/bridge shaded the sensors. The shaded data have not been edited out of the 1 minute data record. The data reported here are from the model 8-48, serial number 12946 radiometer and are in watts per square meter and are the average value over the 1 minute sampling period.
Rain Rate (Precipitation):
The rain rate, in mm/hr, was measured by the PMEL-Vaisala WX520 and WX536 Met sensors located near the top of the aerosol sampling mast. The average of the two sensors was used. During periods of high wind speed (above about 15 m/s), sea spray causes drops that will impact the rain sensor and register as rain, thus there are periods where rain is recorded when there is no rain falling. We have no way of editing this out of the data record so the measured rain rate at these higher wind speeds is unreliable.
Aerosol inlet:
Ambient aerosol particles were sampled at 18 m above sea level through a heated mast. The mast extended 5 m above and forward of the aerosol measurement container. The inlet was a rotating cone-shaped nozzle that was automatically positioned into the relative wind to maintain nominally isokinetic flow and minimize the loss of supermicrometer particles. Air entered the inlet through a 5 cm diameter hole, passed through a 7 degree expansion cone, and then into the 20 cm inner diameter sampling mast. The flow through the mast was 1 m3 min-1. The transmission efficiency of the inlet for particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 6.5 um (the largest size tested) is greater than 95% [Bates et al., 2002].
The bottom 1.5 m of the mast were heated to establish a stable reference relative humidity (RH) for the sample air controlled to the indicated target sample RH. Twenty one 1.6 cm inner diameter stainless steel tubes extending into the heated portion of the mast were connected to downstream aerosol instrumentation with either conductive silicon tubing or stainless steel tubing for analysis of organic aerosol.
CN and UFCN:
One of the twenty one 1.6 cm diameter tubes was used to supply ambient air to TSI 3010 (CN_Direct) and TSI 3025A (UFCN_Direct) particle counters. Another one of tubes was used to supply ambient air to a TSI3785 (UFCN_Chem) particle counter. A separate 1/4\" line was used to supply air from the top of the mast directly to a TSI 3760 particle counter. The 3760, 3010, 3025 and 3785 measure all particles larger than roughly 12, 12, 3 and 5 nm respectively. The total particle counts from each instrument were recorded each second. The data were filtered to eliminate periods of calibration and instrument malfunction and zero air periods, and periods of obvious ship contamination (based on relative wind and high CN counts). The \"best\" filtered values were chosen to represent CN>12 (CN) and ultra-fine (UFCN) particle concentrations. The best CN values are primarily from CN_Direct with data from CN_Stack used to fill in periods where the CN_Direct data were not available. Similarly, the UFCN values are primarily from UFCN_Direct with the UFCN_Chem data used to fill in periods where UFCN_Direct data were not available.
Aerosol in-situ Light Scattering and Absorption, Scattering and Absorption angstrom exponents, Single Scatter Albedo, and RH dependence of scattering.
A suite of instruments was used to measure aerosol light scattering and absorption. Two TSI integrating nephelometers (Model 3563) measured integrated total scattering at wavelengths of 450, 550, and 700nm (Anderson et al, 1996; Anderson and Ogren, 1998). Sample flow was taken from the AeroPhysics sampling van inlet. One nephelometer (neph_sub10) always measured aerosols of aerodynamic diameter Dae < 10 micrometers; the second nephelometer (neph_sub1) measured only aerosol of aerodynamic diameter Dae < 1.1 micrometer. When possible, both nephelometers were operated at a sensing volume RH approximately that of the indicated target sample RH. This RH was controlled by controlling the temperature of the insulated cabinet that housed the nephelometers.
The 10 and 1.1 micrometer cut-offs were made with Berner multi-jet cascade impactors. Two Radiance Research Particle Soot Absorption Photometers were used to measure light absorption by aerosols at 467, 530, and 660nm (Bond et al., 1999; Virkkula et al.,2005) under 'dry' (<25% RH) conditions for sub 10 (psap_sub10) and sub 1 (psap_sub1) micrometer aerosols at the outlet of the respective nephelometers.
A separate humidity controlled system measured submicrometric light scattering at two different relative humidities, approximately 25% RH and 85% RH (neph_sub1_lo and neph_sub1_hi) with two TSI integrating 3-wavelength nephelometers operated in series downstream of a Berner impactor. There are no backscattering values available from the _hi or _lo nephelometers as the backscatter shutter mode was set to \"total\" due to problematic backscatter shutters. The first nephelometer measured scattering of the ~60% conditioned aerosol from the AeroPhysics sampling van inlet at approximately 25% RH after drying of the sample flow using a PermaPure, multiple-tube nafion dryer model PR-94. Downstream of this nephelometer a humidifier was used to add water vapor to the sample flow (6 microporous teflon tubes surrounded by a heatable water-jacket). The sample was conditioned to approximately 80% RH, scattering was measured by the second TSI neph. Humidity was measured by using a chilled mirror dew point hygrometer downstream of the second neph.
On the PMEL Data Sever the neph_sub1_lo data are in the SUBSCATloRH file, the neph_sub1_hi data are in the SUBSCAThiRH file.
DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
Data from both systems were collected and processed at 1 sec resolution but are reported as 60-second averages. Data from each instrument are corrected and adjusted as described below, allowing for derivation of extensive parameters (light scattering and absorption) and intensive parameters (single scatter albedo, Angstrom exponent). Light absorption is box-car averaged by the instrument over a window 10-seconds wide.
For all parameters, the bad value code is NaN. Intensive parameters are set to NaN when the extensive properties used in their calculation fell below the measurement noise threshold. Both extensive and intensive properties are set to NaN during certain events, such as during filter changes, instrument calibration, obvious instrument failure etc. Negative values of absorption might occur during periods of absorption signals near or in the range of the instrument noise, and are partly shifted into the negative range due to scattering correction.
STP are p_STP=1013.2 hPa, T_STP=273.2 K.
DERIVATION OF MEAN VALUES
EXTENSIVE PARAMETERS
Data from the TSI integrating nephelometers, Neph sub10 and Neph sub1, and f(RH=low) and f(RH=high) are processed as follows:
Span gas (air and CO2) calibrations were made before the field campaign using the standard TSI program. During the campaign zero (particle free air at ambient water vapor conc.) and CO2 span checks were made at three to four day intervals. The resulting zero offset and span factors were applied to the data.
The TSI nephelometers measure integrated light scattering into 7-170 degrees. To derive total scatter (0-180 degrees) and hemispheric backscatter (90-180 degrees) angular truncation correction factors were applied as recommended by Anderson and Ogren (1998).
Total and hemispheric backscatter were adjusted to STP. (NOTE: There are no backscattering values available from the f(RH=low) and f(RH=high) nephelometers as discussed above.)
Data from the Radiance Research Particle Soot Absorption Photometers, PSAPs sub1, sub10, and _lo,
are processed as follows:
Reported values of light absorption are corrected for spot size, flow rate, artifact response to scattering, and error in the manufacturer's calibration, all given by Bond et al. (1999). Except the spot size, all corrections were made after data collection, i.e. they are not integrated into the PSAP firmware. However, the PSAP's were flow-calibrated prior to the campaign, and a flow correction was applied based on routine flow checks during the cruise.
Light absorption is adjusted to STP
The f(RH) of scattering data is processed as follows:
Reported values of light scattering at low RH and high RH were corrected to STP.
the exponent describing the f(RH) dependence of scattering was determined using the scattering values of neph_lo_1min (fRH-optics) and neph_hi_1min (fRH-optics) and applying a linear regression of the relationship
log(scat_hi/scat_lo) = -gamma*log((1-fracRH_hi)/(1-fracRH_lo))
based on the Kasten & Hanel formula
scat_hi=scat_lo(1-fracRH)^(-gamma) [Wang et. al.,2006]
The fRH values given on the data server (SUBFRH) are at the measured high and low RH values. The gamma factor calculated from the equation above is available upon request.
INTENSIVE PARAMETERS
The Angstrom exponent for scattering at (450,550,700nm),
A_Blue = -log(Bs/Gs)/log(450/550)
A_Green = -log(Bs/Rs)/log(450/700)
A_Red = -log(Gs/Rs)/log(550/700)
where Bs, Gs and Rs are light scattering values that apply to 450, 550 and 700 nm, respectively and where these values have been smoothed by averaging over a 30-sec wide window.
The Angstrom exponent for absorption at (467,530,660nm),
A_Blue = -log(Ba/Ga)/log(467/530)
A_Green = -log(Bs/Rs)/log(467/660)
A_Red = -log(Gs/Rs)/log(530/660)
where Ba, Ga and Ra are light absorption values that apply to 467, 530 and 660 nm, respectively and where these values have been smoothed by averaging over a 30-sec wide window.
The single scatter albedo of the sub-micron aerosol was calculated as follows:
SSA = Neph1_scat / (Neph1_scat + PSAP1_abs)
where light absorption values and scattering have been averaged over 60 seconds. SSA is given for 532nm, i.e. the nephelometer data was wavelength-shifted to match the PSAP wavelength using the nephelometer based Angstrom exponent.
The sub 1 micron and sub 10 micron Scattering Angstrom exponents can be found on the PMEL Data Server in the SUBSCATANG and TOTSCATANG files. The sub 1 micron and sub 10 micron Absorption Angstrom exponents can be found in the SUBABSANG and TOTABSANG files. The sub 1 micron and sub 10 micron single scatter albedo values can be found in the SUBSSA and TOTSSA files.
REFERENCES
Anderson, T.L., D.S. Covert, S.F. Marshall, M. L. Laucks, R.J. Charlson, A.P. Waggoner, J.A. Ogren, R. Caldow, R. Holm, F. Quant, G. Sem, A. Wiedensohler, N.A. Ahlquist, and T.S. Bates, \"Performance characteristics of a high-sensitivity, three-wavelength, total scatter/backscatter nephelometer\", J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 967-986, 1996.
Anderson, T.L., and J.A. Ogren, \"Determining aerosol radiative properties using the TSI 3563 integrating nephelometer\", Aerosol Sci. Technol., 29, 57-69, 1998.
Bond, T.C., T.L. Anderson, and D. Campbell, \"Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols\", Aerosol Sci. and Tech., 30, 582-600, 1999.
A. Virkkula, N. C. Ahquist, D. S. Covert, P. J. Sheridan, W. P. Arnott, J. A Ogren,\"A three-wavelength optical extinction cell for measuring aerosol light extinction and its application to determining absorption coefficient\", Aero. Sci. and Tech., 39,52-67, 2005
A. Virkkula, N. C. Ahquist, D. S. Covert, W. P. Arnott, P. J. Sheridan, P. K. Quinn,D. J. Coffman, \"Modification, calibration and a field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles\", Aero. Sci. and Tech., 39, 68-83, 2005
Wang et. al, Aerosol optical properties over the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean during NEAQS-ITCT 2004, and the influence of particulate matter on aerosol hygroscopicity, submitted to J. Geo. Phys. Res., 2006
Chemistry Data, Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS):
Concentrations of submicrometer NH4+, SO4=, NO3-, and POM were measured with a Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS) (Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA) [Jayne et al., 2000; Allan et al., 2003]. The species measured by the AMS are referred to as non-refractory (NR) and are defined as all chemical components that vaporize at the vaporizer temperature (600°C). This includes most organic carbon species and inorganic species such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate salts but not mineral dust, elemental carbon, or sea salt. However, with the high concentrations of sea salt in the Sea Sweep samples, Na35Cl, Na37Cl, and various halide clusters were detected in the Q-AMS. The ionization efficiency of the AMS was calibrated every few days with dry monodisperse NH4NO3 particles using the procedure described by Jimenez et al. [2003]. The instrument operated on a 5 min cycle with the standard AMS aerodynamic lens. The aerodynamic particle beam forming lens on the front end of the AMS efficiently samples particles with aerodynamic diameters between 60 and 600 nm [Jayne et al., 2000]. For ambient atmospheric samples, this size range generally captures the accumulation mode aerosol and thus is readily comparable to impactor samples of submicrometer aerosol. This is not the case for sea spray particles where the dominant mass mode tails into the submicrometer size range.
Version 0 data have a \"Collection Efficiency\" (CE) of 1.0 applied to the four “standard” AMS measurements of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and organic mass, during ambient aerosol sampling periods. The CE was based on simultaneous collection of filters for ion chromatography as reference standards during ambient aerosol sampling. A CE of 1.0 was used for Sea Sweep sampling periods assuming the POM was fully recovered and the SO4= and Sea Salt concentrations were dependent on the vaporizer temperature. The NH4+ and NO3- data were below the detection limit during Sea Sweep sampling.
The detection limits from individual species were determined by analyzing periods in which ambient filtered air was sampled and are calculated as two times the standard deviation of the reported mass concentration during those periods. The detection limits during WACS2 were 0.04, 0.24, 0.02, and 0.25 ug/m3 for sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, and POM, respectively. Samples below these detection limits are listed as 0 in the ACF file and -8888 in the ICARTT and .itx format file. Missing data are listed as -9999 in the .acf and .ict files and NaN in the .itx file.
Jayne, J.T., D.C. Leard, X. Zhang, P. Davidovits, K.A. Smith, C.E. Kolb, and D.R. Worsnop, Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aersol Sci. Technol., 33, 49-70, 2000.
Allan, J.D., J.L. Jimenez, P.I. Williams, M.R. Alfarra, K.N. Bower, J.T. Jayne, H. Coe, and D.R. Worsnop, Quantitative sampling using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer. Part 1: Techniques of data interpretation and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D3), 4090, doi:10.1029/2002JD002358, 2003.
Ozone
Air was pulled from 16 m above sea level through a 1/4 inch teflon line at approximately 1 liter min-1 into a Thermo Environmental Instruments Model 49c ozone analyzer. The air inlet was approximately 2 meters below the aerosol inlet. During periods when the relative wind was behind the beam, there were obvious periods when ship exhaust was reacting with ozone, resulting in sudden spikes of low ozone. These spikes of low ozone have been edited out. The data are reported as one minute averages in units of ppb.
PMEL SO2
Inlet and Instrument
Air was pulled from 18 m above sea level down the 20 cm ID powder-coated aluminum aerosol sampling mast (6 m) at approximately 1 m3min-1. At the base of the sampling mast a 2.8 Lmin-1 flow was pulled through a 0.32 cm ID, 1m long Teflon tube, a Millipore Fluoropore filter (1.0-um pore size) housed in a Teflon filter holder, a Perma Pure Inc. Nafion Drier (MD-070, stainless steel, 61 cm long) and then through 2 m of Telfon tubing to the Thermo Environmental Instruments Model 43C Trace Level Pulsed Fluorescence Analyzer. The initial 1 m of tubing, filter and drier we located in the humidity controlled (60%) chamber at the base of the mast. Dry zero air (scrubbed with a charcoal trap) was run through the outside of the Nafion Drier at 2 Lmin-1. Data were recorded in 10 second averages. The data have not been filtered for periods when ship exhaust entered the mast.
Standardization:
Zero air was introduced into the sample line upstream of the Fluoropore filter periodically throughout the cruise to establish a zero baseline. An SO2 standard was generated with a permeation tube held at 40ºC. The flow over the permeation tube, diluted to 4.6 ppb, was introduced into the sample line upstream of the Fluoropore filter periodically throughout the cruise. The limit of detection for 1 min averaged data, defined as 2 times the standard deviation of the signal during the zero periods, was 150 ppt. Data below detection limit are listed as 0and missing data are listed as NaN. Uncertainties in the concentrations based on the permeation tube weight and dilution flows are <5%.
Seawater Measurements
Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity:
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in degrees C is from the ship’s Hull Probe, Salinity in PSU is from the ship's SeaBird thermosalinograph. The temperature probe and water inlet for the thermosalinograph were located 5.3 meters below the water line. The underway chlorophyll data are from the ship’s Seapoint fluorometer.";
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"2025-05-09T23:04:30Z (local files)
2025-05-09T23:04:30Z https://data.pmel.noaa.gov/pmel/tabledap/ACG_ICEALOT_Knorr_main.das";
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"Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Atmospheric Chemistry ICEALOT Aerosol Main Data - 1 min data. A NOAA Contribution for the International Polar Year 2008.
The International Chemistry Experiment in the Arctic Lower Troposphere (ICEALOT) was conducted in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans in March and April 2008 as part of the larger POLARCAT program. PMEL Atmospheric Chemistry Group made Aerosol chemical, physical, and optical measurements from March 19 to April 24 aboard the R/V Knorr during this project.";
String time_coverage_end "2008-04-24T05:59:00Z";
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Data Access Protocol (DAP) and its
selection constraints.
The URL specifies what you want: the dataset, a description of the graph or the subset of the data, and the file type for the response.
Tabledap request URLs must be in the form
https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/tabledap/datasetID.fileType{?query}
For example,
https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/tabledap/pmelTaoDySst.htmlTable?longitude,latitude,time,station,wmo_platform_code,T_25&time>=2015-05-23T12:00:00Z&time<=2015-05-31T12:00:00Z
Thus, the query is often a comma-separated list of desired variable names,
followed by a collection of
constraints (e.g., variable<value),
each preceded by '&' (which is interpreted as "AND").
For details, see the tabledap Documentation.